References

1. Surplus value theory undoubtedly denied freedom and justice of modern liberal society from material angle. See, Marx, Karl. Capital: A critique of political economy. Duke University Press, 2007.

2. Collingwood opposed historical research to imitate natural science blindly while proposed that historians should repeat past ideas in their minds. See, Collingwood, Robin George, and Robin George Collingwood. The idea of history. Oxford University Press on Demand, 1994.

3. It is worth noting that Hume's negation of causality. See, Hume, David. A treatise of human nature. Courier Corporation, 2003.

4. Jenkins once ingeniously defined history who was a supporter of postmodern historiography, see, Jenkins, Keith. Rethinking history. Routledge, 2003. Jenkins, Keith, ed. This book introduced historical reflection from modern to postmodern, see, Jenkins, Keith. On'What is history?': from Carr and Elton to Rorty and White. Routledge, 2005. This anthology selected by Jenkins was an introduction to the impact of postmodernism on historical debate, see, The postmodern history reader. Psychology Press, 1997. This book discussed history and ethics, see, Jenkins, Keith. Why history? Routledge, 2005.

5. Jenkins believed that historical epistemology is fragile, histories often become tools for ideological propaganda, postmodern philosophers are not necessarily get enlightenment through history, consequently, history is redundant, getting rid of the shackles of traditional histories and even surpassing postmodern historiography will be more conducive to human emancipation. See, Jenkins, Keith. At the limits of history: Essays on theory and practice. Routledge, 2013.

6. Saussure divided a series of concepts, such as "langue" and "parole", "signifier" and "signified", "synchrony" and "diachrony". See, De Saussure, Ferdinand. Course in general linguistics. Columbia University Press, 2011.

7. Wittgenstein tended to research artificial language in his early stage, see, Wittgenstein, Ludwig. Tractatus logico-philosophicus. Routledge, 2013.

8. Wittgenstein tended to research ordinary language in his later period, see, Wittgenstein, Ludwig. Philosophical investigations. John Wiley & Sons, 2010.

9. Ankersmit, Franklin Rudolf. Sublime historical experience. Stanford University Press, 2005.

10. Kuhn, Thomas. The structure of scientific revolutions. Princeton University Press, 2021.

11. Heidegger mainly interpreted spatiality according to temporality and the nature of surrounding world. See, Heidegger, Martin, John Macquarrie, and Edward Robinson. "Being and time." (1962).

12. Ricoeur's hermeneutics was based on the fusion of Husserl's transcendental phenomenology and Heidegger's ontology of "existence". See, Ricoeur, Paul. Hermeneutics and the human sciences: Essays on language, action and interpretation. Cambridge university press, 1981.

13. Gadamer, Hans-Georg. Truth and method. A&C Black, 2013.

14. Jauss, Hans Robert, and Paul De Man. "Toward an aesthetic of reception." (1982).

15. Derrida, Jacques. Of grammatology. Jhu Press, 2016.

16. Sartre's freedom was a purely conscious activity characterized by human subjectivity and transcendency. See, Sartre, Jean-Paul. Being and nothingness: An essay in phenomenological ontology. Citadel Press, 2001.

17. Through his analysis of multilevel social and cultural phenomena such as labor, fashion, body, death and poetic language, Baudrillard pointed out that the simulation principle had replaced reality principle then dominated everything. See, Baudrillard, Jean. Symbolic exchange and death. Sage, 2016. You can also refer to Baudrillard, Jean. Simulacra and simulation. University of Michigan press, 1994.

18. Lyotard expounded the variation of capitalism from the perspective of pragmatics. See, Lyotard, Jean-François. The postmodern condition: A report on knowledge. Vol. 10. U of Minnesota Press, 1984.

19. Jameson combined post-structuralism with Marxism, see, Jameson, Fredric. Postmodernism, or, the cultural logic of late capitalism. Duke university press, 1991.

20. Yuval mainly focused on "cognitive revolution", "agricultural revolution" and "scientific revolution" that affected human history. See, Harari, Yuval Noah. Sapiens: A brief history of humankind. Random House, 2014.

21. Yuval proposed three topics about future: immortality, happiness and incarnation as God. See, Harari, Yuval Noah. Homo Deus: A brief history of tomorrow. Random House, 2016.

22. Yuval believed that the world is information exploded but mostly useless, clear insight becomes more momentous. See, Harari, Yuval Noah. 21 Lessons for the 21st Century. Random House, 2018.

23. Hegel demonstrated that human history was just stage for world spirit to show itself and realize itself, individuals and nations were agents for world spirit to realize its purpose. See, Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, and John Sibree. The philosophy of history. Courier Corporation, 2004.

24. Popper, Karl. The poverty of historicism. Routledge, 2013.

25. Hayden White analyzed eight representative historians (Hegel, Michelet, Ranke, Tocqueville, Burckhardt, Marx, Nietzsche and Croce) to prove the poetic nature of historical narrative by his own conceptual framework. See, White, Hayden. Metahistory: The historical imagination in nineteenth-century Europe. JHU Press, 2014.

26. Ideology is not necessarily negative, philosophical idea carried by history is also construction of ideology, but such philosophical speculation determines the spirit of historical works. Not all modern historians lost such spirit, for example, Jaspers carried out philosophical reflection about history, his "Axial Age" triggered global academic discussion. See, Jaspers, Karl. The Origin and Goal of History (Routledge Revivals). Routledge, 2014.

27. Foucault also emphasized social and political structure that produced power. See, Foucault, Michel. Power/knowledge: Selected interviews and other writings, 1972-1977. Vintage, 1980. Foucault pointed out that the opposition and division between madness and rationality were not natural but a special phenomenon in modern society. See, Foucault, Michel. Madness and civilization. Routledge, 2003. Foucault advocated combing the history of human knowledge by archaeological methods. See, Foucault, Michel. Archaeology of knowledge. routledge, 2013.

28. Nietzsche denied old value system based on faith and obedience and affirmed new value system based on life and will. See, Nietzsche, Friedrich. Thus spoke Zarathustra: A book for everyone and nobody. Oxford University Press, 2008.

29. Jenkins opposes explaining postmodernism as antirealism, but it is antirepresentationalism. See, Jenkins, Keith. At the limits of history: Essays on theory and practice. Routledge, 2013.

30. Marcuse deemed that under the totalitarian oppression of the developed industrial society, people become one-dimensional man with one-dimensional idea. See, Marcuse, Herbert. One-dimensional man: Studies in the ideology of advanced industrial society. Routledge, 2013.